Networking Fundamental

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Network Definition:</span></b></span></h4><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">                A network is a set of devices often referred to as nodes connected by media links. A node can be a computer, printer or any other device capable of sending or receiving data generated by other nodes on the network. The basic aim of networking is to be able to exchange data such as text, audio and video from one point to another in the world.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Basic communication model  </span></b></span></h4></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: justify;">                The fundamental purpose of a communication system is the exchange of data between two points of parties. Depending upon the basic communication model, the figure given below shows one particular example, which establishes communication between a workstation and a server over a <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Public switched telephone network">public telephone network</a>.<br /><br /><br /><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgEva8n0IZ-w4nKBhaAJtQbPrnxhh3MwsKMJ5HHm6Kg23UMMKI-WPibHeOV8Ut477akn-jahGukkcMRlUPZNKuNxCL5JMM7cEg34yiRpdECVCHVG9a2ccjPOy8X7Z2Tj0_GNhV2nPR160m/s1600/basic_commu_model.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Networking Fundamental" border="0" height="87" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgEva8n0IZ-w4nKBhaAJtQbPrnxhh3MwsKMJ5HHm6Kg23UMMKI-WPibHeOV8Ut477akn-jahGukkcMRlUPZNKuNxCL5JMM7cEg34yiRpdECVCHVG9a2ccjPOy8X7Z2Tj0_GNhV2nPR160m/s400/basic_commu_model.JPG" title="Networking Fundamental" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/></v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:467.25pt;height:104.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\acer\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" o:title="basic_commu_model"/></v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /><br /><b>The above figure can be described as under.</b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->i)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">           </span><!--[endif]--><b>Source:-</b> This device generates the data to be transmitted. Two examples can be telephone and <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">          </span><!--[endif]--><b><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Transmitter">Transmitter</a>:­­-</b> A transmitter transforms and encodes the information in such a manner so as to produce <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic waves</a> or signals. These electromagnetic signals can be transmitted across some sort of transmission systems.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->iii)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">        </span><!--[endif]--><b><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_system" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Transmission system">Transmission System</a>:-</b> A transmission system can be a single transmission line or a <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_network" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Complex network">complex network</a> connecting source and destination.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->iv)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">        </span><!--[endif]--><b><a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_%28radio%29" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Receiver (radio)">Receiver</a>:-</b> The receiver accepts the signal from the transmission system and converts it into a form which can be handled by the destination device.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->v)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">         </span><!--[endif]--><b>Destination:-</b> A destination takes the incoming data from the receiver.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Introduction to computer networks</span></b></h3></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: justify;">                A <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Computer network">computer Network</a> is a collection of two or more computer and <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Peripheral">peripheral device</a>(the network components) connected by communication links that allow the network components to work together which may be located at different location or within same office.  The network performs the following operations.</div></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><!--[if !supportLists]-->Sharing files and data</li><li><!--[if !supportLists]-->Sharing resources</li><li><!--[if !supportLists]-->Sharing programs</li><li><!--[if !supportLists]-->Communication</li><li><!--[if !supportLists]-->Backup</li></ul><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b>Types of computer network:</b> According to distance covered by a network, or from geographical point of view, network is classified into three classes.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b>      <span style="color: #38761d;">Local Area Network(LAN</span></b><span style="color: #38761d;">): </span>The computer network system that are confined within local area such as a single room, inside a building or buildings, complex, campus area etc. known as LAN. It a Local Area Network(LAN) is used to connect a variety of computers over a limited geographical </div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Advantages / Features of LAN:</b></span></h4></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->i)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">        </span><!--[endif]-->Data transmission rate is fast compared to MAN and WAN, which is about 100 Mbps or even more.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">       </span><!--[endif]-->Installation of computer in a network is very simple.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->iii)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     </span><!--[endif]-->It provides high security of data.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->iv)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     </span><!--[endif]-->Dissimilar types of systems can easily be interconnected with the computers.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><!--[endif]--><b>    <span style="color: #38761d;">Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):</span></b> It is used to connect computers that cover an entire city. It generally doesn’t exceed more than 100 Km. This types of network consist of both bound and unbound media. It comprises of dissimilar system and computers with dissimilar operating system. It is relatively slow compared to LAN but faster than WAN.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Advantages / Features of MAN:</b></span></h4></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->i)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">        </span><!--[endif]-->It covers larger geographical area compared to LAN.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">       </span><!--[endif]-->Dissimilar system can be integrated.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->iii)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     </span><!--[endif]-->Supports both bound and unbound media.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->iv)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     </span><!--[endif]-->It is very good in hosting FTP sites especially for internet.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-weight: normal;">    <span style="color: #38761d;"> </span></span></b><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Wide Area Network (WAN): </b></span>When computers are connected globally using both bound and unbound media, then we call it a WAN. The rate of transmission of data is relatively slow below 1 Mbps. WAN are characterized by the fact that they are owned by different organizations.  There is no central controlling system for WAN. WAN generally uses private satellites to connect large number of computers over a large geographical area. WAN is simply a LAN of LAN’s where different types of networks are connected.<b><o:p></o:p></b></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><h4 style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><b>Advantages / Features of WAN:</b></span></h4></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->i)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">        </span><!--[endif]-->It supports dissimilar transmission media.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->ii)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">       </span><!--[endif]-->It supports all types of hardware that vary from network to network.</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]-->iii)<span style="font-size: 7pt;">     </span><!--[endif]-->E-business (E-commerce) has been possible just because of WAN.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><o:p></o:p><br /><h2><span style="font-size: small;">You Might also view the following Related Posts</span></h2><ul><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/network-definition-network-is-set-of.html">Networking Fundamental</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/network-topology.html">Network Topology</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/network-functions.html">Network Functions</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/network-reference-models-network.html">Network Reference Models (Network Architectures)</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/internet-security-ip-security-ipsec.html" target="_blank">Internet Security & IP Security (IPSec)</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/secure-socket-layer-ssl.html" target="_blank">Secure Socket Layer (SSL)</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;">For more Posts: <a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/p/tutorial.html" target="_blank">Click Here</a></span></h2></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"></div></div>

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Networking Fundamental

Network Definition:                A network is a set of devices often referred to as nodes connected by media links. A node can be a computer, printer or any other device capable of sending or receiv…

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Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br />For successful E-government endeavor, two critical requirements are needed: availability and accessibility. E-government transactions have to be available 24/7. This provides citizens, partners and employees with the flexibility to process transactions outside standard government office hours. With the inclusion of websites of E-governments, and E-government website needs to satisfy this “high availability” requirement. Also, the E-government endeavor is critically dependent on the accessibility of its integral websites. If the website is not accessible to the intended target users it will not be successful. The causes of failure of the E-government program in developing countries are:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><a name='more'></a><br /><br /><ul><li> Lack of training schemes and qualified staff, which makes it hard to go with such a new trend like E-government. </li><li> Lack of educating citizens about the value and benefits of E-government, that the government itself should play the main role in this issue. </li><li> Lack of change management efforts. </li><li> High turnover rates of government IT staff because of noncompetitive payment and employment conditions as compared to private sector. </li><li> Lack of public sector skills, and as a result E-government projects are often outsourced to the private sector. </li><li> Large design-reality gaps as a result of using and off-the-shelf solution from an industrialized country for a developing country. </li><li> The need of appropriate infrastructure that means that weak infrastructure will be the first obstacle in employing the E-government program. </li><li>· The large gap between the skilled leaders who can afford technology, and the unskillful poor who can’t afford the same.</li></ul><div><br /><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">You may also wanted to view the following related posts</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/defining-e-commerce.html">Defining e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/development-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Development of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/classification-of-e-commerce-by.html">Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/definition-of-e-government.html">Definition of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/challenges-and-opportunities-for.html">Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/factors-affecting-success-of-e.html">Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/e-commerce-security-issues.html" target="_blank">E-commerce Security Issues</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/risk-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Risk of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/benefits-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Benefits of e-commerce</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><b>You can view the following</b> <b>other posts</b></span></h2></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-of-bad-ways-for-building-backlinks.html">List of bad ways for building backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-good-ways-building-quality-backlinks.html">List of good ways of building quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-top-.edu-forums-sites-to-create-quality-backlinks.html" target="_blank">List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/mcq-of-database-management-system-dbms_11.html">Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/solved-mcq-of-system-analysis-and_28.html">Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/solved-mcq-of-data-structure-set-2.html">Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/solved-mcq-of-java-for-java-proficiency.html">Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3332849087599085574#editor/target=post;postID=6677146666461105703;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=0;src=postname">MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/mcq-of-computer-networking-with-answer_17.html">MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4</a></li></ul></div><div><br /></div></div>

Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government

For successful E-government endeavor, two critical requirements are needed: availability and accessibility. E-government transactions have to be available 24/7. This provides citizens, partners and em…

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Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">E-government initiatives aimed at raising the level of government performance in general, where the proper application of these initiatives lead to upgrade the governmental services provided to citizens and the private sector and enhance the effectiveness of government work internally, in addition to broadening the participation of citizens in decision-making process. However, many studies indicate that a large proportion of initiatives to implement E-government around the world did not succeed in achieving these promised goals. There are, in fact, global consensuses on the existence of the need for deeper studies to understand the real reasons behind this failure, but in spite of higher percentage E-government projects that failed to achieve its goals globally, the world is witnessing a comprehensive consensus recognizes that failed to achieve its goals globally, the world is witnessing a comprehensive consensus recognizes that there is still the possibility of E-government initiatives to fulfill their all promises, but the underlying potential of these initiatives will only be achieved through access to a better understanding of the obstacles they faced and therefore to work out ways to overcome these obstacles. The most challenges that are expected to be faced during the implementation of an E-government program have been summarized below. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>1. Infrastructure Development: </b>All countries implementing E-government have struggled to develop a basic infrastructure to take advantage of new technologies and communications tools. Many developing countries, even if possessing the will, do not have the infrastructure necessary to immediately deploy E-government services throughout their territory. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Recommendations: </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Develop projects that are compatible with the nation’s telecom infrastructure. </li><li>Introduce telecom competition and lift regulation on wireless and other digital technologies to accelerate their deployment. </li><li>Consider the government’s current use of technology and learn from past success and failures. </li><li>Establish and action framework at the beginning of the process to allow for a rational and coordinated investment effort downs the road. </li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>2. Law and Public Policy:</b> The application of information Technology and Communication (ICT) to government may encounter legal or policy barriers. Legislatures must ensure the laws are updated to recognize electronic documents and transactions. Policy makers implementing E-government must consider the impact of law and public policy. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Recommendations: </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Consult with stakeholders to access how existing laws may impede the desired results. </li><li>Give legal status to online publication of government information. </li><li>Clarify laws and regulations to allow electronic filings with government agencies. </li><li>Reform processes by simplifying regulations and procedures. </li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>3. Digital Divide:</b> The digital divide is the gap between people who have access to the Internet and those who do not. Those without access cannot access information that can provide economic opportunities, and cannot share in the benefits of E-government. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Recommendations: </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li> Provide communal access through village computer centers. </li><li> Combine access with training. </li><li> Provide incentives to the private sector to donate equipment and training. </li><li> Emphasize local language and content tailored to different communities. </li><li> Use for-profit entrepreneurs to build and sustain access points in small communities. </li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>4. E-Literacy:</b> E- Literacy refers to marginalized groups who are unable to make use of information and communication technologies because they are not computer literate. With the digital revolution there is a very real danger that the world will be divided into the “information rich” and the “information poor”. E-government has the potential of either equalizing access to government and its services or increasing the barriers to participation. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Recommendations: </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li> Ensure that content is in local languages and that interfaces are easy to use. </li><li> Develop applications that use speech or pictures in addition to, or instead of, written text. </li><li> Include and educational component in E-government projects. </li><li> Create programs that include traditional media, like radio programs or newspaper columns, where citizens can learn about E-government. </li><li> Special attention should be given to groups difficult to integrate (women, elderly, immigrants).</li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><h2><span style="font-size: small;">You may also wanted to view the following related posts</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><ul><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/defining-e-commerce.html">Defining e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/development-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Development of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/classification-of-e-commerce-by.html">Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/definition-of-e-government.html">Definition of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/challenges-and-opportunities-for.html">Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/factors-affecting-success-of-e.html">Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/e-commerce-security-issues.html" target="_blank">E-commerce Security Issues</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/risk-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Risk of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/benefits-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Benefits of e-commerce</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><b>You can view the following</b> <b>other posts</b></span></h2></div><ul><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-of-bad-ways-for-building-backlinks.html">List of bad ways for building backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-good-ways-building-quality-backlinks.html">List of good ways of building quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-top-.edu-forums-sites-to-create-quality-backlinks.html" target="_blank">List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/mcq-of-database-management-system-dbms_11.html">Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/solved-mcq-of-system-analysis-and_28.html">Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/solved-mcq-of-data-structure-set-2.html">Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/solved-mcq-of-java-for-java-proficiency.html">Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3332849087599085574#editor/target=post;postID=6677146666461105703;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=0;src=postname">MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/mcq-of-computer-networking-with-answer_17.html">MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4</a></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>

Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government

E-government initiatives aimed at raising the level of government performance in general, where the proper application of these initiatives lead to upgrade the governmental services provided to citize…

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Definition of E-Government

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">E-government is an idea raised by former U.S. vice president (AI Gore), within his vision of linking the citizen to the various agencies of government for getting all kinds of government services in an automated way, in addition to the completion of the government working itself depending on information and communication with network to reduce costs improve performance, speed of delivery and effectiveness of implementation.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Electronic government as government use of information communication technologies to offer for citizens and business the opportunity to interact and conduct business with government by using different electronic media such as telephone touch pad, fax, smart cards, self-service kiosks, e-mail/Internet, and EDI. It is about how government organizes itself; its administration, rules, regulation and frameworks set out to carry out service delivery and to co-ordinate, communicate and integrate process within itself.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Another definition of E-government was presented by United Nation’s website to be “E-government refers to the use of information and communication Technologies (ICT) Such as Wide Area Networks, the Internet, and mobile computing by government agencies”. While OECD noted that Electronic government refers to the use of information and communication technologies, and particularly the Internet, as a tool to achieve better government.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b>Maturity of E-Governmen</b>t<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In the concept of government in general, as well as of E-government, we can distinguish between 3 groups’: citizens, business and services, and government and citizen, G2B denote the transaction between different government units. Most of the governments begin to provide information across direct on-line, but the public needs require quick more services and usually take this form gradually. E-government becomes more widespread; one is beginning to see the progress through six stages. Not all governments will reach all stages, and there will be much diversity within a government, with different agencies at different stages. The stages are:</div>1. Using internal network and setting up and email system.<br />2. Enabling inter-organizational and public access to information<br />3. Allowing 2-way communication<br />4. Allowing exchange of value<br />5. Digital democracy<br />6. Joined-up government<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Implementing E-government is a continuing process, and most often the development is conceptualized in stages. The widely known maturity model suggested by Layne and Lee (Layne and Lee, 2001), who sees E-government as an evolutionary phenomenon, from which E-government initiatives should be derived and implemented. They assume four stages of growth model for E-government:</div><br />1. Cataloguing:<br /><ul><li>Online Presence</li><li>Catalogue Presentation</li><li> Downloadable Forms</li></ul>2. Transaction:<br /><ul><li>Services and Forms Online</li><li>Working Database</li><li> Supporting Online Transactions</li></ul>3. Vertical integration:<br /><div><ul><li> Local System linked to higher level system within similar functionalities.</li></ul>4. Horizontal integration:<br /><ul><li> System integrated across different functions</li><li> Real one stop shopping for citizens</li></ul><br /><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">You may also wanted to view the following related posts</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/defining-e-commerce.html">Defining e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/development-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Development of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/classification-of-e-commerce-by.html">Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/definition-of-e-government.html">Definition of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/challenges-and-opportunities-for.html">Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/factors-affecting-success-of-e.html">Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/e-commerce-security-issues.html" target="_blank">E-commerce Security Issues</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/risk-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Risk of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/benefits-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Benefits of e-commerce</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><b>You can view the following</b> <b>other posts</b></span></h2></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-of-bad-ways-for-building-backlinks.html">List of bad ways for building backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-good-ways-building-quality-backlinks.html">List of good ways of building quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-top-.edu-forums-sites-to-create-quality-backlinks.html" target="_blank">List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/mcq-of-database-management-system-dbms_11.html">Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/solved-mcq-of-system-analysis-and_28.html">Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/solved-mcq-of-data-structure-set-2.html">Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/solved-mcq-of-java-for-java-proficiency.html">Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3332849087599085574#editor/target=post;postID=6677146666461105703;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=0;src=postname">MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/mcq-of-computer-networking-with-answer_17.html">MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4</a></li></ul></div></div>

Definition of E-Government

E-government is an idea raised by former U.S. vice president (AI Gore), within his vision of linking the citizen to the various agencies of government for getting all kinds of government services in a…

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Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">Following are the Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners.<br /><br /><b>i) Business-to-business (B2B)</b><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">     Business-to-business (B2B) is the exchange of products, services or information between business entities. Web based B-to-B includes:</div><div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"> <i>Direct selling and support to business</i>: In which customers can by and also get technical support from the business.</li><li style="text-align: justify;"> <i>E-procurement</i> (also known as industry portals): Where a purchasing agent can shop for supplies from vendors, request proposals, and in some cases, bid to make a purchase at a desired price.</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><i> Information sites:</i> It provides information about a particular industry for its companies and their employees. These include specialized search sites and trade and industry standards organization sites.</li></ul><b>ii) Business-to-consumer (B2C)</b></div><div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">     The exchange of products, information or services between business and consumers in a retailing relationship. Some of the first examples of B-to-C e-commerce were amazon.com and dell.com in the USA and lastminutes.com in the UK. In this case, the 'c' represents either consumer or customer. </div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>iii) Business-to-Government(B2G)</b></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The exchange of information, services and products between business organizations and government agencies on-line. This may include.</div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">E-procurement services: In which business learn about purchasing needs of agencies and provide services.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">A virtual workplace: In which business and government agency could coordinate the work on a contracted project by collaborating on-line to coordinate on-line meetings, review plans and manage progress.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">Rental of on-line application and databases: These are especially for use by government agencies.</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>iv) Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> In this category consumers interact directly with other consumers. They exchange information such as.</div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;"> Expert knowledge: Where one person asks a question about anything and gets an e-mail reply from the community of other individuals, as in the case of the New York Times-affiliated abuzz.com website.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">·Opinions: About companies and products, for example epinions.com</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>v) Government-to-Business (G2B)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">      The exchange of information, services and products between government agencies and business organizations. Government sites now enable the exchange between government and business of:</div><ul><li style="text-align: justify;">Information, guidance and advice for business on international trading, sources of funding and support, facilities.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">A database of laws, regulations and government policy for industry sectors.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">On-line application and submission of official forms.</li><li style="text-align: justify;">On-line payment facilities.</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;">This improves accuracy, increases speed and reduces costs, so businesses are given financial incentives to use electronic-form submission and payment facilities.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>vi) Government-to-Consumer (G2C)</b></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Government sites offering information, forms and facilities to conduct transactions of individuals, including paying bills and submitting official forms on-line such as tax returns.</div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>vii) Government-to-Government (G2G)</b></div></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Government-to-government transactions within countries linking local governments together and also international governments. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><h2 style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: small;">You may also wanted to view the following related posts</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/defining-e-commerce.html">Defining e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/development-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Development of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/classification-of-e-commerce-by.html">Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/definition-of-e-government.html">Definition of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/challenges-and-opportunities-for.html">Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/factors-affecting-success-of-e.html">Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/e-commerce-security-issues.html" target="_blank">E-commerce Security Issues</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/risk-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Risk of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/benefits-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Benefits of e-commerce</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><b>You can view the following</b> <b>other posts</b></span></h2></div><ul style="text-align: justify;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-of-bad-ways-for-building-backlinks.html">List of bad ways for building backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-good-ways-building-quality-backlinks.html">List of good ways of building quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-top-.edu-forums-sites-to-create-quality-backlinks.html" target="_blank">List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/mcq-of-database-management-system-dbms_11.html">Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/solved-mcq-of-system-analysis-and_28.html">Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/solved-mcq-of-data-structure-set-2.html">Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/solved-mcq-of-java-for-java-proficiency.html">Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3332849087599085574#editor/target=post;postID=6677146666461105703;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=0;src=postname">MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/mcq-of-computer-networking-with-answer_17.html">MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4</a></li></ul></div></div>

Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners

Following are the Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners.i) Business-to-business (B2B)     Business-to-business (B2B) is the exchange of products, services or informati…

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Defining e-commerce

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">E-commerce is a new way of conducting, managing an executing business transactions using modern information technology. E-commerce is a ‘commerce based on bytes’. E-commerce, defined simply, is the commercial transaction of services in an electronic format. In general terms, e-commercial is a business methodology that addresses the needs of organizations, traders and consumers to reduce costs while improving the quality of goods and services and increasing the speed of service delivery. It may also be referred to as the paperless exchange of business information using Electronic Data Interchange, Electronic Fund Transfer etc. E-commerce is not only about simple transactions of data but also general commercial acts such as publicity, advertisements, negotiations contracts and fund settlements. It refers to all forms of transactions relating to commercial activities including both organizations and individuals that are based upon the processing and transmission of digitized data, including text sound and visual images. E-commerce is thus a business practice and involves use of computers, computer system or computer networks. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">      The World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Declaration on E-commerce defines e-commerce as, “the production, distribution, marketing, sales of delivery of goods and services by electronic means”. The six main instruments of e-commerce that have been recognized by WTO are telephone, fax, TV, electronic payment and money transfer systems, EDI (electronic data interchange) and the internet. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">    EDI is the electronic transfer of standardized business transaction between a sender and receiver computer, over some kind of private network or Value Added Network (VAN). EDI was developed to integrate information across larger parts of an organization's value chain from design to maintenance so that manufacturers could share information with designers, maintenance and other partners and stakeholders.<br /><br />    E-commerce has provided us a medium to facilitate commercial transactions in an efficient manner. Companies have moved up in the value chain by adopting the e-commerce practices. It should not be forgotten that every adoption of a new technology and new process would mean new ‘costs’ and ‘risks’. That is, adoption may or may not be successful. If the adoption is successful, then it becomes and established business practice in no time. If the If the adoption is unsuccessful then it is likely that the process of adoption may take some time, as the ‘learning’ phase is still not over. The first phase of e-commerce threw up a new business nomenclature using various permutations and combinations of ‘Business’ and ‘Consumers’, like ‘Business-to-Business’ (B2B), ‘Business-to-Consumer’ (B2C), ‘Consumer-to-Business’ (C2B) and ‘Consumer-to-Consumer’ (C2C).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>What about E-Business?</b><br /><br />As with e-commerce, e-business(electronic business) also has a number of different definitions and is used in a number of different contexts. Today, major corporations are rethinking their businesses in terms of the Internet an its new culture and capabilities and this is what some see as e-business.<br /><br /><br />E-business is the conduct of business on the Internet, not only buying and selling but also servicing customers and selling but also servicing customers and collaborating wit business partners.<br /><br />E-business includes customer service (e-service) and intra-business tasks.<br /><br />E-business is the transformation of key business process through the use of Internet technologies. An e-business is a company that can adapt to constant and continual change.<br /><br /><br /><h2><span style="font-size: small;">You may also wanted to view the following related posts</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><ul><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/defining-e-commerce.html">Defining e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/development-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Development of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/classification-of-e-commerce-by.html">Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/definition-of-e-government.html">Definition of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/challenges-and-opportunities-for.html">Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/factors-affecting-success-of-e.html">Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/e-commerce-security-issues.html" target="_blank">E-commerce Security Issues</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/risk-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Risk of e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/benefits-of-e-commerce.html" target="_blank">Benefits of e-commerce</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><b>You can view the following</b> <b>other posts</b></span></h2></div><ul><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-of-bad-ways-for-building-backlinks.html">List of bad ways for building backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-good-ways-building-quality-backlinks.html">List of good ways of building quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-top-.edu-forums-sites-to-create-quality-backlinks.html" target="_blank">List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/mcq-of-database-management-system-dbms_11.html">Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/solved-mcq-of-system-analysis-and_28.html">Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/solved-mcq-of-data-structure-set-2.html">Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/solved-mcq-of-java-for-java-proficiency.html">Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3332849087599085574#editor/target=post;postID=6677146666461105703;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=0;src=postname">MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/mcq-of-computer-networking-with-answer_17.html">MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4</a></li></ul></div></div>

Defining e-commerce

E-commerce is a new way of conducting, managing an executing business transactions using modern information technology. E-commerce is a ‘commerce based on bytes’. E-commerce, defined simply, is the co…

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How to make USB boot drive to Install Windows ?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br />Creating or using an <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> drive to install <a class="zem_slink" href="http://www.crunchbase.com/product/windows" rel="crunchbase nofollow" target="_blank" title="Windows">Windows</a> operating systems is very easy if you follow the below mentioned steps.<br /><br /><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>TO Install Windows XP/Windows 7/Vista using bootable USB</b></h3><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b>By using command prompt: </b></h4><br />1. Insert your USB (4GB+ preferable) stick to the system and backup all the data from the USB as we are going to format the USB to make it as bootable. <br /><br />2. Open elevated <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_Prompt" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Command Prompt">Command Prompt</a>. To do this, type in CMD in Start menu search field and hit Ctrl + Shift + Enter. Alternatively, navigate to Start > All programs >Accessories > right click on Command Prompt and select run as administrator. <br /><br />3. When the Command Prompt opens, enter the following command: <br /><br />DISKPART and hit enter. <br /><br />LIST DISK and hit enter. <br /><br />Once you enter the LIST DISK command, it will show the disk number of your USB drive. In the below image my USB drive disk no is Disk 1. <br /><br />4. In this step you need to enter all the below commands one by one and hit enter. As these commands are self explanatory, you can easily guess what these commands do. <br /><br />SELECT DISK 1 (Replace DISK 1 with your disk number) <br /><br />CLEAN <br /><br />CREATE PARTITION PRIMARY <br /><br />SELECT PARTITION 1 <br /><br />ACTIVE <br /><br />FORMAT FS=NTFS <br /><br />(Format process may take few seconds) <br /><br />ASSIGN <br /><br />EXIT <br /><br />Don’t close the command prompt as we need to execute one more command at the next step. Just minimize it. <br /><br />5. Insert your Windows <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="DVD">DVD</a> in the optical drive and note down the drive letter of the optical drive and USB media. Here I use “D” as my optical (DVD) drive letter and “H” as my USB drive letter. <br /><br />6. Go back to command prompt and execute the following commands: <br /><br />D:CD BOOT and hit enter. Where “D” is your <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Optical disc drive">DVD drive</a> letter. <br /><br />CD BOOT and hit enter to see the below message. <br /><br />BOOTSECT.EXE/NT60 H: <br /><br />(Where “H” is your USB drive letter) <br /><br />Copy Windows DVD contents to USB. <br /><br />You are done with your bootable USB. You can now use this bootable USB as bootable DVD on any computer that comes with USB boot feature (most of the current motherboards support this feature). <br /><br /><b>If you are using Windows XP, try <br />BOOTSECT.EXE /NT52 H: </b><br /><br /><br /><h4 style="text-align: left;"><b>By using windows application:</b></h4><div><br />We can make USB boot drive by using USB installer for Windows XP, Vista, 7 with WinToFlash software application, must follow these steps. <br /><br />1. You need the following at first. <br /><ul><li> A USB pen drive at least 4 GB. </li><li> Windows installation CD/DVD or .iso disk image file. </li><li>An application called WinToFlash. </li></ul>2. You can download WinToFlash application from <a href="http://wintoflash.com/home/en/">http://wintoflash.com/home/en/</a> </div><div><br /><div style="text-align: left;">                      OR </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>You can download it directly from <a href="http://www.fiberdownload.com/Download/20294/WinToFlash">fiverdownload.com</a> by using the following link. </div><div><br /><a href="http://server3.fiberdownload.com/1_kits/Novicorp_WinToFlash.zip">http://server3.fiberdownload.com/1_kits/Novicorp_WinToFlash.zip</a> </div><div><br />3. After downloading a zip file, extract it and open WinToFlash application.</div><div>    Then you can see the following screen.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkAtwgKVBR985OEfq-BPPkY5Yozp4TB1FIaPQSB1wUcV-_QFJ9kMXaZiSDI4UlTBnuSOJFncrrdApPGyNv70sXOboD5b8hgXD3UVqhoWUE7zIMwAY22Fls5pn_dAnjd8u-kwtrWAetEel9/s1600/win2flash1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkAtwgKVBR985OEfq-BPPkY5Yozp4TB1FIaPQSB1wUcV-_QFJ9kMXaZiSDI4UlTBnuSOJFncrrdApPGyNv70sXOboD5b8hgXD3UVqhoWUE7zIMwAY22Fls5pn_dAnjd8u-kwtrWAetEel9/s320/win2flash1.JPG" title="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" width="320" /></a></div><div><br />4. Click on Next.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvz24gu8Yr6teqINTXu-kKAhkuhY_kq5Jh0wk1GWC3uRL4Sb-V4hqQ-R3NyE0c_Y1nUbfRrnFA9kbg6Fllp3MRZdycljNi-JzAibaB8Aw_BTDt-hVmAtJf_Ch868MLQaiuQaOUSL6i-hsz/s1600/win2flash2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvz24gu8Yr6teqINTXu-kKAhkuhY_kq5Jh0wk1GWC3uRL4Sb-V4hqQ-R3NyE0c_Y1nUbfRrnFA9kbg6Fllp3MRZdycljNi-JzAibaB8Aw_BTDt-hVmAtJf_Ch868MLQaiuQaOUSL6i-hsz/s320/win2flash2.JPG" title="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>4. Click on I accept EULA and click on next.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-jvz2V8ZSDpkcfy0ocP-s1Rn6OjV840gxxe9ZUosJkAGY9OmxdAM9Qf2FiuzWtOkn3fo-5k8igiCq_XDGvKSvStTM2jRHqamsoI4z81Y2lKGIdNxp3jPfGXi9hEev6yq3Jw39cPsyGz2/s1600/win2flash3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhg-jvz2V8ZSDpkcfy0ocP-s1Rn6OjV840gxxe9ZUosJkAGY9OmxdAM9Qf2FiuzWtOkn3fo-5k8igiCq_XDGvKSvStTM2jRHqamsoI4z81Y2lKGIdNxp3jPfGXi9hEev6yq3Jw39cPsyGz2/s320/win2flash3.JPG" title="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" width="320" /></a></div><div><br />5. Click on Quick Setup and click on next.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZyhlFGGbqH3dOmA9UMcbusz2h-acshiWjJxWyaNLbWkezCfx6xVAfGosglvakTEChZggRz0ZEHc9tr5UNILoDuqPeeI-4EqaAtwuOEaGjJ8ZmZzRGvO1ENl0WBoXvfKOnASgupjS7pqKS/s1600/win2flash4.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZyhlFGGbqH3dOmA9UMcbusz2h-acshiWjJxWyaNLbWkezCfx6xVAfGosglvakTEChZggRz0ZEHc9tr5UNILoDuqPeeI-4EqaAtwuOEaGjJ8ZmZzRGvO1ENl0WBoXvfKOnASgupjS7pqKS/s320/win2flash4.JPG" title="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>6. Click on <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Setup" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Windows Setup">Windows setup</a> transfer wizard, give tick mark on always start in wizard mode and click on next.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpNqx6VW2v-OVC63iYsm7YCnlQhu9MXvLka2ltPdhyrd3LwaP5nPDFDRvxtTH2rM1WW-cckn-vJNqj-uI7e3UWFRUtBH-AmXXYD4Fsw61jP7NtnjCGN9i_oP6XXT4xBO-hHNRlGkz_n5SA/s1600/win2flash5.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpNqx6VW2v-OVC63iYsm7YCnlQhu9MXvLka2ltPdhyrd3LwaP5nPDFDRvxtTH2rM1WW-cckn-vJNqj-uI7e3UWFRUtBH-AmXXYD4Fsw61jP7NtnjCGN9i_oP6XXT4xBO-hHNRlGkz_n5SA/s320/win2flash5.JPG" title="Make USB boot drive to Install Windows" width="320" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>7. Choose windows file path and USB drive and click on next. Your USB boot drive started to create.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">You Might also view the following Related Posts</span></b></h2></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/09/what-is-information.html" target="_blank">What is Information ?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/09/nformation-technology-it-is-branch-of.html" target="_blank">What is Information Technology?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/how-to-make-usb-boot-drive-to-install.html" target="_blank">How to make USB boot drive to Install Windows ?</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="zemanta-pixie" style="height: 15px; margin-top: 10px;"></div></div>

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How to make USB boot drive to Install Windows ?

Creating or using an USB drive to install Windows operating systems is very easy if you follow the below mentioned steps.TO Install Windows XP/Windows 7/Vista using bootable USBBy using command prompt…

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Systems Development

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Introduction: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program.  It could include the internal development of customized systems, the creation of database systems, or the acquisition of third party developed software. Written standards and procedures must guide all information systems processing functions. The organization’s management must define and implement standards and adopt an appropriate system development life cycle methodology governing the process of developing, acquiring, implementing, and maintaining computerized information systems and related technology. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Examination Objectives: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Determine if the board and management have established and maintained effective systems development methodology. This is accomplished through the following examination objectives: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <b>Board and Management Oversight</b> – Assess the adequacy of systems development oversight by examining related policies, procedures, and methodology. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <b>Risk Assessment</b>—determine the level of systems development activities existing within the institution.  If systems development activities for mission-critical systems are handled primarily through a service provider, evaluate management’s due diligence to ensure appropriate documentation and controls exist within the service provider’s development processes.  Assess the adequacy of the institution’s risk assessment process for systems development. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">• <b>Internal Controls</b>—Evaluate the effectiveness of preventive and detective controls designed to identify material deficiencies on a timely basis. The internal audit function should identify systems development as an area for evaluation and review.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div></div>

Systems Development

Introduction: Systems development is the process of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program.  It could include the internal development of customized syste…

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Feasibility studies

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Feasibility studies</b> aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success. In its simplest terms, the two criteria to judge feasibility are cost required and value to be attained. As such, a well-designed feasibility study should provide a historical background of the business or project, description of the product or service, accounting statements, details of the operations and management, marketing research and policies, financial data, legal requirements and tax obligations. Generally, feasibility studies precede technical development and project implementation.</div><br /><b>Technical feasibility </b><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The assessment is based on an outline design of system requirements in terms of Input, Processes, Output, Fields, Programs, and Procedures. This can be quantified in terms of volumes of data, trends, frequency of updating, etc. in order to estimate whether the new system will perform adequately or not. Technological feasibility is carried out to determine whether the company has the capability, in terms of software, hardware, personnel and expertise, to handle the completion of the project. When writing a feasibility report the following should be taken to consideration: </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><ul><li>A brief description of the business to assess more possible factor/s which could affect the study </li><li><br /></li><li> The part of the business being examined </li><li><br /></li><li> The human and economic factor </li><li><br /></li><li> The possible solutions to the problems </li></ul><br />At this level, the concern is whether the proposal is both technically and legally feasible (assuming moderate cost). <br /><br /><br /><br /><b> Economic feasibility</b> <br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Economic analysis is the most frequently used method for evaluating the effectiveness of a new system. More commonly known as cost/benefit analysis, the procedure is to determine the benefits and savings that are expected from a candidate system and compare them with costs. If benefits outweigh costs, then the decision is made to design and implement the system. An entrepreneur must accurately weigh the cost versus benefits before taking an action. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cost-based study: It is important to identify cost and benefit factors, which can be categorized as follows: 1. Development costs; and 2. Operating costs. This is an analysis of the costs to be incurred in the system and the benefits derivable out of the system. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Time-based study: This is an analysis of the time required to achieve a return on investments. The future value of a project is also a factor. </div><br /><b>Operational feasibility </b><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Operational feasibility is a measure of how well a proposed system solves the problems, and takes advantage of the opportunities identified during scope definition and how it satisfies the requirements identified in the requirements analysis phase of system development. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><br /><br /><br /></div>

Feasibility studies

Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats as presented by the environment, the r…

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How to Talk to Users [for analyst members of a JAD team]

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Encourage users to speak up. Don't assume they understand that they carry equal authority on the team.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Ask probing questions about how users do their work, even about points that seem obvious. Ask why they so something as well as "what" and "how."<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Do state the obvious (once, at least). Don't assume that something is "common knowledge."<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Ask for clarification. Don't assume you are the only one confused. If users start talking office-lingo, bring them gently back down to Earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Restate the user's points in your own words to make sure you understand each other. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Avoid technical explanations and computer jargon. if you must use technical terminology, provide a list of terms and definitions.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Mention problems that you see when you see them. Don't assume that users are not mentioning something because it's okay.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Be clear about your schedule for implementing features. Provide frequent opportunities to reevaluate and discuss the "to do " list.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Make a distinction between features which will not be implemented because they are technically impossible and those for which there simply isn't time. Be gentle when dealing with ideas which are impractical. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Be open to ideas and maintain a non-judgmental stance. <o:p></o:p></span></div><h1 style="border: none; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></h1></div>

How to Talk to Users [for analyst members of a JAD team]

●      Encourage users to speak up. Don't assume they understand that they carry equal authority on the team.●      Ask probing questions about how users do their work, even about points that seem obv…

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How to Talk to Analysts [for user members of a JAD team]

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Don't be bashful. Analysts on the team are counting on you to tell what you know and to correct their misconceptions and oversights.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Help the analyst to understand how your work is done. Provide a context for your remarks. Give examples.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Ask for the features you need to do your work. Don't assume that your needs are unimportant or impossible to meet.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Ask for the features that make your work easier, even in small ways.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Make a distinction between features you must have and those that would be nice for you. Set priorities and make them clear to the analyst<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Do state the obvious (once, at least). Don't assume that something you know is "common knowledge."<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Ask for clarification. Don't assume that you are the only one confused. If an analyst starts talking " computerate," bring them gently back down to Earth.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Restate the analyst's points in your own words to make sure you understand each other.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Mention problems that you see when you see them. Don't assume problems will " get worked out later."<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">●<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">      </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Discuss needs you will have after the system is finished. Plan ahead for working independently once the analyst has gone on to other projects. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"><o:p></o:p></span><br /><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">●   </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Be open to ideas and maintain a non-judgmental stance.</span><br /><br /><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: .75in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div></div>

How to Talk to Analysts [for user members of a JAD team]

●      Don't be bashful. Analysts on the team are counting on you to tell what you know and to correct their misconceptions and oversights.●      Help the analyst to understand how your work is done. …

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How do you know if your JAD is successful?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="MsoNormal"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal">After creating Joint Application Development (JAD) team and managing it for any project to complete, you have to know if your JAD is successful or not. Here are some methods from which you will able to know about your JAD success. </div><b><br /></b><b>By applying the positive answers for the following questions.</b><br /><br />● Are your meetings well attended?<br /><br />● Are all affected parties involved/aware of decisions being made?<br /><br />● Did you solve the true underlying problem?<br /><br />● Is your solution accepted and used by your clients?<br /><br />● Is the solution available on time?<br /><br /><b>By applying the following Success Factors</b><br /><br />● A clear purpose shared by all team members - the project charter<br /><br />● A diverse team, representative of all areas effected by this project.<br /><br />● Every person in the group has equal responsibility and decision making power.<br /><br />● Every idea is valuable. Throughout the JAD, listen and acknowledge each idea and concern. Evaluating ideas during a brainstorming session will shut down the creative process. The best idea may never get said out of fear of being shot down.<br /><br />● Participation by everyone is very important. Encourage quieter members to speak, they often have the best ideas. Don't allow 1 or 2 members to dominate. This is the facilitators responsibility as well as the whole teams' responsibility.<br /><br />● Listen when others speak, don't interrupt or talk while others are talking (side conversations may have great ideas...we don't want to miss them).<br /><br />● Maintain a parking lot to record important issues that are not within the scope of this project.<br /><br />● Don't hold meetings, just to hold meetings. Only meet when there is something substantial to talk about.<br /><br />● Don't let more than 3 or 4 weeks pass between meetings, you will loose momentum. Remember, each meeting is a motivation for the team to complete tasks assigned. It is no fun to come to a meeting and admit you didn't finish your task.<br /><br />● Decisions are reached by consensus. We are here to create a win/win solution...win/lose solutions aren't good enough. You can reach consensus by giving everyone three options:<br /><br />○ Thumbs up - I agree<br /><br />○ Thumbs down - I disagree<br /><br />○ Thumbs sideways - I can support this idea<br /><br /><br /><h2><b><span style="font-size: small;">You Might also view the following Related Posts</span></b></h2><div class="MsoNormal"><div class="MsoNormal"><ul><li><a href="http://siteforinfotech.blogspot.com/2012/10/what-is-jad.html">What is a JAD?</a></li><li><a href="http://siteforinfotech.blogspot.com/2012/10/who-is-involved-in-jad.html">Who is involved in a JAD?</a></li><li><a href="http://siteforinfotech.blogspot.com/2012/10/roles-of-jad-group-members.html">Roles of JAD Group Members</a></li><li><a href="http://siteforinfotech.blogspot.com/2012/10/checklist-for-getting-jad-started.html">Checklist For Getting a JAD Started</a></li><li><a href="http://siteforinfotech.blogspot.com/2012/10/how-do-you-know-if-your-jad-is.html">How do you know if your JAD is successful?</a></li><li><a href="http://siteforinfotech.blogspot.com/2012/10/how-to-talk-to-analysts-for-user.html">How to Talk to Analysts for user members of a JAD team</a></li><li><a href="http://siteforinfotech.blogspot.com/2012/10/how-to-talk-to-users-for-analyst.html">How to Talk to Users for analyst members of a JAD team</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/fundamental-of-data-structures.html">Fundamental of data structures</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/definition-of-stack.html">Definition of Stack</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/definition-of-queues.html">Definition of Queues</a></li><li><a href="http://siteforinfotech.blogspot.com/2012/10/system-life-cycle.html">System Life Cycle</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/network-definition-network-is-set-of.html">Networking Fundamental</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/network-topology.html">Network Topology</a></li><li><a href="http://siteforinfotech.blogspot.com/2012/10/describe-basic-components-of-operating.html">Basic Components of operating Systems.</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;">For other more Tutorials: <a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/p/tutorial.html" link="red">Click Here</a></span></h2></div></div></div>

How do you know if your JAD is successful?

After creating Joint Application Development (JAD) team and managing it for any project to complete, you have to know if your JAD is successful or not. Here are some methods from which you will able t…

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Checklist For Getting a JAD Started

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Define the Project</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"> <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">The JAD Project Leader meets with the Project Sponsor to complete a JAD Project Charter. <o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Form the JAD Group<o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"> The Project Leader and Project Sponsor form the JAD Group making sure you have all affected areas represented. You will need a Project Sponsor, Project Leader, Business Users and Systems Analysts. A JAD Group should have 8 or fewer total members. It is hard to be effective with more than 15 members. <o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="3" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">First JAD Meeting</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"> <b>- Kick off Meeting<o:p></o:p></b></span></li></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Your first JAD meeting may have the following agenda items: <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Share problem definition and overall goal. Get consensus on these two items. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Train each member of the new group on what a JAD Group is so they will understand the purpose, the roles and how a JAD works. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Establish JAD Group expectations/responsibilities. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Determine meeting frequency, time and place. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Determine roles - Project Sponsor, Project Leader, Record Keeper, Timekeeper, Clients. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Continue holding JAD meetings approximately every week or every other week until you have reached consensus on a design. <o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="4" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">JAD Meetings - Planning, Analysis, Design Phase <o:p></o:p></span></b></li></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Review the current process - map it out <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Identify Problems/Challenges in the current process <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Brainstorm solutions for those problems and challenges <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Benchmark other organizations for possible solutions <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Consider Buy vs. Build <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Survey your customers for problems and ideas <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Evaluate list of generated ideas <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Determine your course of action - tasks to be accomplished <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Develop your timebox - list of tasks, who is assigned and when each task is due. <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Present the Project Design to the Project Sponsor and Representative Customers and Get the Thumbs Up <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Communicate, Communicate, Communicate <o:p></o:p></span></div><ol start="5" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">JAD Meetings - Development, Execute, Finish Phase</span></b><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;"> <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></li></ol><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.0pt; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Meet every 2 weeks to make sure the development stays on track <br />Agenda - how did we do on our goals? <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Discuss problems and challenges <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Make decisions jointly <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Set goals for next meeting <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-border-shadow: yes; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; mso-padding-alt: 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt 31.0pt; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">○<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Verdana; mso-fareast-font-family: Verdana;">Assign tasks <o:p></o:p></span></div>Assign as many of the project duties as possible to members of the JAD this helps build buy in and a feeling of ownership towards the project.<br /><div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div></div>

Checklist For Getting a JAD Started

Define the Project The JAD Project Leader meets with the Project Sponsor to complete a JAD Project Charter. Form the JAD Group The Project Leader and Project Sponsor form the JAD Group makin…

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