What is literal and non-literal copying of computer programs?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyvmfonV51Rrkj23uivjnh7ThvkPPOj8fBYtNmNw2rAvSCnQUXPGN1w-av6tJMKqHmpUR_oyNJcVyAOvh7A7GDIW2xIydm8K_bGJfG4b3LuHipGX1Al17l9nahTlOgdyNqV-Er_PxwHFzj/s1600/copy-comp.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt=" literal and non-literal copying of computer programs" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyvmfonV51Rrkj23uivjnh7ThvkPPOj8fBYtNmNw2rAvSCnQUXPGN1w-av6tJMKqHmpUR_oyNJcVyAOvh7A7GDIW2xIydm8K_bGJfG4b3LuHipGX1Al17l9nahTlOgdyNqV-Er_PxwHFzj/s1600/copy-comp.jpg" title=" literal and non-literal copying of computer programs" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Copying a computer program can be literal, where the program code itself is copied, in which case the two programs are written in the same computer programming language. Alternatively, copying can be non-literal, where elements of the program such as its structure, sequence of operations, functions, interfaces and methodologies are copied but the program code is not directly copied.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Literal copying occurs where a person copies an existing program by disk to disk copying or by writing out or printing the program listing, perhaps to key it into another computer at a later date. In either case, the person making the copy may make some alterations to the copy. These may be to disguise its origins or to enhance the program, for example, by adding some additional functions. Literal copying is relatively easy for infringement. Even relatively small programs will be the result of the programmer's skill, experience and judgment. The following case in the first to seriously consider the issues relating to literal copying of computer programs and lays down some important precedents for software copyright.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The law's recognition of non-literal copying is important because otherwise it would be too easy to defeat copyright protection of computer programs. With some works of copyright, it is an easy matter to distinguish between the literal and non-literal elements. For example, with a work of literature, perhaps in the form of an historical novel, the literal element comprises the words, sentences and paragraphs as expressed in print, while the non-literal elements, in which case they may have their own copyright independent of the copyright subsisting in the finished novel. However, in the absence of such materials, it is clear that taking the non-literal elements can infringe.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">You may also wanted to view the following related posts</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-cyber-law.html">What is Cyber-law?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-cyber-crime-and-what-are-types.html">What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-intellectual-property-law.html" target="_blank">What is intellectual property law?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/defining-e-commerce.html">Defining e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/classification-of-e-commerce-by.html">Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/definition-of-e-government.html">Definition of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/challenges-and-opportunities-for.html">Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/factors-affecting-success-of-e.html">Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><b>You can view the following</b> <b>other posts</b></span></h2></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-of-bad-ways-for-building-backlinks.html">List of bad ways for building backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-good-ways-building-quality-backlinks.html">List of good ways of building quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-top-.edu-forums-sites-to-create-quality-backlinks.html" target="_blank">List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/mcq-of-database-management-system-dbms_11.html">Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/solved-mcq-of-system-analysis-and_28.html">Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/solved-mcq-of-data-structure-set-2.html">Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/solved-mcq-of-java-for-java-proficiency.html">Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3332849087599085574#editor/target=post;postID=6677146666461105703;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=0;src=postname">MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/mcq-of-computer-networking-with-answer_17.html">MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4</a></li></ul></div></div>

What is literal and non-literal copying of computer programs?

Copying a computer program can be literal, where the program code itself is copied, in which case the two programs are written in the same c...

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What is intellectual property law?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Intellectual property</b> is that area of law which concerns legal rights associated with creative effort or commercial reputation and goodwill. The subject matter or intellectual property is very wide and includes literally and artistic works, films, computer programs, inventions, design and marks used by traders for their goods or services. The law deters others from copying or taking unfair advantage of the work or reputation of another and provides remedies should this happen. There are several different forms of rights or areas of law giving rise to rights that together make up intellectual property including Copyright, Patents and Trademarks.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Copyright law is one of the intellectual property law which includes protecting the photography, sound recordings, films and broadcasting, computer programs, databases, preparatory material and associated documentation(in printed or electronic form) from being unauthorized copying, uses or distribution. As with any other literary work, the copyright in a computer program is infringed by making, without the copyright owner's license, a copy of the program or of a substantial part of it. Substantiality is an issue of quality and therefore the copyright subsisting in a computer program can be infringed if the 'essence' of the program is copied, even if the part copied is relatively small quantitatively. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Any human being who invents, their inventions are protected by the law called patents law. The inventor his invention cannot exclude rivals from manufacturing or using it. But he could expect an income commensurate with the extent of the use of his invention by others. Where revenue derived from this use very substantially exceeds his R and D costs, it may well provide him with a substantial benefit. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Along with patents and copyright, trademarks constitute a key component of system of intellectual property rights. Trademark is any sign capable of being represented graphically which is capable of distinguishing goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings. It may in particular, consist of words, designs, letters, numbers or sale of goods or their packaging. Details of trademarks are recorded in the register of trademarks, a document which is open. Microsoft and Google both are the examples of registered trademarks.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">You may also wanted to view the following related posts</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-cyber-law.html">What is Cyber-law?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-cyber-crime-and-what-are-types.html">What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-literal-and-non-literal-copying.html" target="_blank">What is literal and non-literal copying of computer programs?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/defining-e-commerce.html">Defining e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/classification-of-e-commerce-by.html">Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/definition-of-e-government.html">Definition of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/challenges-and-opportunities-for.html">Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/factors-affecting-success-of-e.html">Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><b>You can view the following</b> <b>other posts</b></span></h2></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-of-bad-ways-for-building-backlinks.html">List of bad ways for building backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-good-ways-building-quality-backlinks.html">List of good ways of building quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-top-.edu-forums-sites-to-create-quality-backlinks.html" target="_blank">List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/mcq-of-database-management-system-dbms_11.html">Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/solved-mcq-of-system-analysis-and_28.html">Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/solved-mcq-of-data-structure-set-2.html">Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/solved-mcq-of-java-for-java-proficiency.html">Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3332849087599085574#editor/target=post;postID=6677146666461105703;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=0;src=postname">MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/mcq-of-computer-networking-with-answer_17.html">MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4</a></li></ul></div></div>

What is intellectual property law?

Intellectual property is that area of law which concerns legal rights associated with creative effort or commercial reputation and goodwill...

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What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqPxcYQGmlsskpLBbgVKnPT6cW4zWIcwIpz8nRRSJpbtQjs7tyGNA-eDjZg0-45_bYaIpSYPJ3FOq4mhw3lmWcbLw43XQfycE2jDtXwkNMFa4dzPI-JOcTbenxlh0-2I1toIg7AQymHfRK/s1600/cyber-crime.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="What is Cyber Crime " border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqPxcYQGmlsskpLBbgVKnPT6cW4zWIcwIpz8nRRSJpbtQjs7tyGNA-eDjZg0-45_bYaIpSYPJ3FOq4mhw3lmWcbLw43XQfycE2jDtXwkNMFa4dzPI-JOcTbenxlh0-2I1toIg7AQymHfRK/s200/cyber-crime.gif" title="What is Cyber Crime " width="200" /></a><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Cyber crime refers to all the activities done with criminal intent in cyberspace or using the medium of <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Internet">Internet</a>. These could be either the <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Crime">criminal activities</a> in the conventional sense or activities, newly evolved with the growth of the new medium. Any activity, which basically offends human sensibilities, can be included in the ambit of Cyber crimes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Because of the anonymous nature of Internet , it is possible to engage in a variety of criminal activities with impunity, and people with intelligence, have been grossly misusing this aspect of the Internet to commit criminal activities in <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a>. <br /><br /><a name="more"></a>The field of the Cyber crime is just emerging and new forms of criminal activities in Cyberspace are coming to the forefront each day. For example, child pornography on Internet constitutes on serious cyber crime. Similarly, online pedophiles, using Internet to minor children into sex, are as much cyber criminals as any others.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br /><br /><br /><h3> <b>There are basically Three major categories of Cyber crimes which are</b>:</h3><h3> </h3><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ol style="text-align: left;"><li style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Cyber Crimes against persons:</span> </b>Cyber crimes committed against persons include various crimes like transmission of child-pornography, harassment of any one with the use of a computer and cyber stalking. The trafficking, distribution, posting, and dissemination of obscene material including pornography, indecent exposure, and child pornography, constitutes on of the most important cyber crimes today. Similarly, <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crime" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Computer crime">Cyber harassment</a> is a distinct cyber crime. Various kind s of harassment's can and do occur in cyberspace, or through the use of cyberspace. Harassment can be sexual, racial, religious or of any other nature. </li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Cyber crime against property:</span> </b>The second category of Cyber crimes is Cyber crimes against all forms of property. These crimes include unauthorized computer trespassing through cyberspace, computer vandalism, transmission of harmful programs and unauthorized possession of computerized information.</li><li style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Cyber crimes against Government:</span> </b>Third category of Cyber crimes is Cyber crimes against Government. <a class="zem_slink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberterrorism" rel="wikipedia nofollow" target="_blank" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyber Terrorism</a> is one distinct kind of crime in this category. The growth of Internet has shown that the medium of cyberspace is being used by individuals and groups of threaten international governments as also to terrorize the citizens of a country. This crime manifests itself into Cyber Terrorism when and individual "cracks" into a government or military maintained website, for the purpose of perpetuating terror.</li></ol><br /><br /><h2> <span style="font-size: small;">You may also wanted to view the following related posts</span></h2><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><br /><ul><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-cyber-law.html">What is Cyber-law?</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-cyber-crime-and-what-are-types.html">What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-intellectual-property-law.html">What is intellectual property law?</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-literal-and-non-literal-copying.html">What is literal and non-literal copying of computer programs?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/defining-e-commerce.html">Defining e-commerce</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/classification-of-e-commerce-by.html">Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/definition-of-e-government.html">Definition of E-Government</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/challenges-and-opportunities-for.html">Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government</a> </li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/factors-affecting-success-of-e.html">Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government</a></li></ul></div><br /></div>

What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?

Cyber crime refers to all the activities done with criminal intent in cyberspace or using the medium of Internet . These could be either the...

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What is Cyber-law?

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">Cyber law is a generic term which refers to all the legal and regular aspects of internet and the World Wide Web. Anything concerned with or related to or emanating from any legal aspects or issues concerning any activity of citizens and others, in cyberspace comes within the ambit of cyclone. In short term it can be says that <b>"cyberspace is governed by a system of law and regulation called cyber law"</b>.<br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /><a name="more"></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The term "cyberspace" was first used way back in 1984 by author William Gibson in his scientific novel Neuromancer to describe virtual world of computers. Today, cyberspace is how most people describe the word of the Net. The growth of Electronic Commerce has fuelled the need for vibrant and effective regulatory mechanisms, which would further strengthen the legal infrastructures, so crucial to the success of Electronic Commerce. All these regulatory mechanisms and legal infrastructures come within the domain of Cyberlaw. Cyberlaw is important because it touches almost all aspects of transactions and activities <br />concerning the internet, the World Wide Web and Cyberlaw. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cyberlaw concerns everyone. As the nature and scope of internet is changing and this new medium is being seen as the ultimate medium ever evolved in human history, every activity of yours in cyberspace can and will have cyber legal perspective. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Today, the awareness about Cyberlaw is beginning to grow. Earlier, many technical experts felt that legal regulation of internet was not necessary. But with the rapid growth of technologies and Internet, it is clear that no activity on Internet can remain free from the influence of Cyberlaw. Publishing a web page is an excellent way for any commercial business or entity to vastly increase its exposures to millions of persons, organizations and governments worldwide. It is this feature of the Internet, which is causing much controversy in the legal fraternity. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Cyberlaw is a constantly evolving process. As new opportunities and challenges are surfacing, Cyberlaw, being a constantly evolving process, is suitably modifying itself to fit the needs of the time. As the Internet grows, numerous legal issues arise relating to Domain Names, Intellectual Property Rights, Electronic Commerce, Privacy, Encryption, Electronic Contracts, Cybercrime, Online Banking, and Spamming and so on.<br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h2 style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">You may also wanted to view the following related posts</span></h2><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-cyber-crime-and-what-are-types.html">What is Cyber Crime and What are the types?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/what-is-intellectual-property-law.html" target="_blank">What is intellectual property law?</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/defining-e-commerce.html">Defining e-commerce</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/classification-of-e-commerce-by.html">Classification of E-commerce by transaction partners</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/definition-of-e-government.html">Definition of E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/challenges-and-opportunities-for.html">Challenges and Opportunities for Developing a Successful E-Government</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/10/factors-affecting-success-of-e.html">Factors Affecting the Success of E-Government</a></li></ul><h2><span style="font-size: small;"><b>You can view the following</b> <b>other posts</b></span></h2></div><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-of-bad-ways-for-building-backlinks.html">List of bad ways for building backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-good-ways-building-quality-backlinks.html">List of good ways of building quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/03/list-top-.edu-forums-sites-to-create-quality-backlinks.html" target="_blank">List of top .edu forums or sites to create quality backlinks</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/mcq-of-database-management-system-dbms_11.html">Solved MCQ of Database Management System (DBMS) Set - 3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/11/solved-mcq-of-system-analysis-and_28.html">Solved MCQ of System Analysis and Design Set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2012/12/solved-mcq-of-data-structure-set-2.html">Solved MCQ of Data Structure Set - 2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/solved-mcq-of-java-for-java-proficiency.html">Solved MCQ of Java for Java Proficiency test set-3</a></li><li><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=3332849087599085574#editor/target=post;postID=6677146666461105703;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=0;src=postname">MCQ of C++ with answer Set-2</a></li><li><a href="http://www.siteforinfotech.com/2013/01/mcq-of-computer-networking-with-answer_17.html">MCQ of Computer Networking with answer set-4</a></li></ul></div></div>

What is Cyber-law?

Cyber law is a generic term which refers to all the legal and regular aspects of internet and the World Wide Web. Anything concerned with or...

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